Fruit Pest and Beneficial Search
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Use this search to identify diseases, insect and mite pests and beneficials, a critical step in any integrated pest management (IPM) plan. This search covers tree fruit and grape pests and is based on the publications “Tree Fruit Field Guide to Insect, Mite, and Disease Pests and Natural Enemies of Eastern North America” and “A Pocket Guide for Grape IPM Scouting in the North Central and Eastern United States.”
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Peach rosette mosaic decline
Disease
This disease occurs only in Concord and Catawba grapes in Michigan. Symptoms appear 3 to 4 years after infection. The plant canopy is umbrellalike with shortened and crooked internodes. Leaves are misshapen with a flattened base. Clusters are scraggly and may shell berries. Infected vines lack vigor, are prone to winter injury and may die after several years. The virus is spread by nematodes, infected planting stock and grape pomace. The virus also infects peaches and perennial weeds such as dandelion, horse nettle and curly dock. Boron deficiency and fanleaf degeneration may mimic this disease.
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Peach scab
Disease
On fruit, lesions begin as small, greenish circular spots that gradually enlarge and darken as spore production begins. These spots appear when fruit are half grown and are most common on the stem end of the fruit, but can occur over the whole surface.
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Peach tree short life (PTSL)
Disease
Trees in their third to sixth year show a sudden wilt and collapse of new blossoms and death of branches, with tree death following within weeks of initial symptoms. The bark of affected trees appears reddish and water-soaked and gum exuding from these tissues often has a "sour sap" odor.
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Peachtree borer
Insect
Adult is a clear-winged, metallic-blue moth that has one broad orange or two or more yellow bands across the abdomen; both sexes have more amber sheen on wings than lesser peachtree borer adults.
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Pear midge
Insect
The adult resembles a very small mosquito or gnat; the body is brown and the wings transparent with simple veins. The larva is a white maggot with no legs or visible head; the posterior end is blunt, and the front end tapers to a point.
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Pear plant bug (Green apple bug)
Insect
The adult pear plant bug is brownish yellow with two dark bands on the thorax and the extremities of its anterior wings are yellowish in color.
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Pear psylla
Insect
Adults resemble very small cicadas and can be reddish brown or tan to light brown. Smaller, wingless nymphs are yellow with red eyes, flat and oval in shape, and develop within a clear honeydew drop.
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Pear rust mite
Insect
The overwintering stage is a light brown, wedge-shaped adult, which cannot be seen without a 15X hand lens. The summer forms are nearly white in color, and even smaller than the overwintered adults.
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Pear scab
Disease
Lesions on leaves begin as pinpoint spots, enlarging and becoming velvety brown to olive green with indistinct margins. Older lesions may remain singular or coalesce with other leaf lesions; they eventually stop expanding and develop distinct margins.
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Pear slug (Pear sawfly)
Insect
The adult looks similar to a small, black-bodied wasp with the ventral side and legs yellow in color. The larva is small, fleshy, dark green to orange, slug-like, and slime-covered, with the front part of the body enlarged.
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Pear stony pit
Disease
Dark-green spots appear on developing fruit about two to three weeks after petal fall. The tissue around the affected areas continues to grow, forming deep pits.
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Pear thrips
Insect
Adult is slender and brown, with short antennae and a swelling behind the head; the wings are long and narrow, with fringes of long hairs.
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Pear vein yellows
Disease
Faint, yellow vein banding, particularly of the secondary veins on current year’s growth, is the most common symptom.
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Pearleaf blister mite
Insect
The adults are very small and cannot be seen without a 15X hand lens; the body is white and elongate oval in shape, like a tiny sausage.
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Perennial canker of apple and pear
Disease
Branch lesions are elliptical, sunken, and orange, purple, or brown in color. A raised layer of callus tissue forms around the infected tissue to isolate the diseased tissue.
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Perennial canker of stone fruit
Disease
Small twig infections are usually found around winter-killed buds, leaf scars, and picking and pruning injuries. They appear as sunken discolored areas with alternating zonation lines and may ooze amber gum unless the twig is killed.
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Perennial Sowthistle
Weeds
Perennial sowthistle is common in roadside and low maintenance turf and somewhat less common in landscapes. It prefers slightly alkaline or neutral soils, fine-textured, rich soils. Perennial sowthistle will not thrive on coarse sandy soils.
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Periodical cicada
Insect
Adults are wedge-shaped, nearly black, with red eyes and red-orange wing veins. The clear wings are held tent-like over the body.
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Phomopsis cane and leaf spot
Disease
Infected leaves have small, yellowish spots with dark brown centers and may be puckered. On petioles, shoots and rachises, elongated black spots or streaks develop that make the tissue brittle. Most shoot lesions occur on the basal three to six internodes. Young tissues are most susceptible. Symptoms appear 21 to 30 days after infection. Rachis and berry infections become apparent later in the season. Infected rachises wither, causing berries or entire clusters to drop prematurely. Berries turn brown and shrivel. Prolonged rainy, cold weather in spring and early summer promotes the disease. The optimum temperature for infection is between 59 and 68ºF (15 to 20ºC). The fungus overwinters in bark of infected canes.
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Phony peach disease
Disease
The canopy of infected trees is flattened and compacted due to shortening of the internodes; the foliage tends to be a darker green. Infected trees may also flower and set fruit earlier, bear smaller fruit, and may suffer a substantial reduction in yield.
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Phytophthora root, crown, and collar rot
Disease
Crown and collar rot are often and mistakenly used interchangeably. Collar rot refers to infection that affects the bark tissue of the scion portion of the tree at or just below the soil line, whereas crown rot affects the bark tissue of the rootstock portion of the tree.
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Phytoseiid mites
Beneficial
A dark mark in the form of an "H" sometimes appears within their body. This mark is red when they feed on European red mites and yellow when they feed on twospotted spider mites. They move very rapidly on the leaves.
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Pierce’s disease
Disease
Initially, only a few shoots start to show symptoms in mid- to late summer. Leaves show scorching from the margin inwards and drop off, leaving the petiole attached to the shoot. Flower clusters may set berries, but these tend to dry up. In fall, infected shoots mature in a patchy manner, leaving “islands” of green tissue surrounded by dark brown mature wood. In spring, bud break on infected vines may be delayed as much as 2 weeks, and new shoots are stunted. An infected vine may die the first year after infection or may live for 5 or more years, depending on the cultivar, the vine’s age and climatic conditions. Pierce’s disease is caused by a bacterium that lives in the xylem and is vectored by sharpshooter leafhoppers and spittlebugs. The bacterium is present in native plants such as grasses, sedges, bushes and trees. The range of insect vectors determines the range of the disease.
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Pistol casebearer
Insect
Adult is dark gray with fringed wings. The pistol casebearer appears similar to a cigar casebearer: a small, yellowish larva with a black head that builds and hides in a shelter.
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Plum curculio
Insect
The adult is mottled grayish black and brown. Its head is prolonged into a large but short snout that bears antennae. Each elytron has a series of humps with the 2nd and 3rd pairs separated by a clear transverse band.
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Plum pockets
Disease
Infections occur soon after blossoms open and are first evident on fruits when they reach 6–12 mm in diameter. Symptoms first appear as white to off-white spots or blisters that enlarge rapidly to cover the entire fruit.
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Plum pox virus
Disease
There is considerable variation in symptoms, depending on which species of stone fruit is affected, variety, age, and general nutritional status of the tree. On leaves, symptoms may include vein yellowing, banding, or the formation of light green to yellow rings.
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Plum rust mite
Insect
Plum rust mites (PRM) generally restrict their feeding to new foliage, causing these leaves to brown and roll upward longitudinally
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Plum rust mite (Peach silver mite*)
Insect
Adult is minute and wormlike, with two pairs of legs, and pale yellow to brownish yellow in color. The nymph is pale yellowish white and closely resembles the adult.
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Poison Ivy
Weeds
Poison ivy is a trailing or climbing vine common to woodlots, naturalized areas, and property boundaries.
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Potato leafhopper
Insect
All leafhopper species feed on the undersides of leaves, puncturing cells and sucking out the contents. In general, juice grape (labrusca) varieties are much more tolerant of leafhoppers than hybrid or vinifera varieties.
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Powdery Mildew
Disease
Turf affected by the disease have a grayish white cast, with initial symptoms appearing as white patches on the leaf blade.
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Powdery mildew
Disease
Powdery mildew can infect all green tissues and give them a white to gray, powdery appearance. Colonies occur mostly on the upper leaf surface. Early berry infections can result in split berries, secondary rots and undesirable flavors in wine. Late berry infections are less obvious but can still predispose the berries to rots. In late summer, the fungus produces small, brown to black fruiting bodies (cleistothecia) on infected plant parts. Cleistothecia overwinter in bark crevices and release ascospores when exposed to moisture between bud break and fruit set. In regions with mild winters, the fungus can also survive in dormant buds, which develop into “flag shoots.” Powdery mildew is favored by high humidity and temperatures of 68 to 81 degrees Fahrenheit (20 to 27 C). Wetness is not required for infection. Temperatures above 95 F (35 C) inhibit new infections. Begin monitoring early in the season, focusing on shaded leaves and clusters inside the canopy.
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Powdery mildew of apple and pear
Disease
The fungus overwinters in leaf buds and sometimes flower buds. Mycelium develops rapidly on unfolding leaves and appears as white, felt-like patches or as a solid mat on the upper or undersurface of the leaf.
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Powdery mildew of apricot, nectarine, peach and plum
Disease
Infection appears as white circular lesions of patches of powdery growth on either side of the leaf, or on the terminal ends of new shoot growth. Severely infected leaves curl upward or blister, may be stunted, but eventually drop as infection progresses.
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Powdery mildew of cherry
Disease
The fungus attacks young leaves and shoots and tends to cause more damage on sour cherry than sweet cherry. Infections appear as white circular lesions or patches of powdery growth on either side of the leaf or on the terminal ends of shoots.
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Prionus borers
Insect
Adults are robust, broad, somewhat flattened blackish to reddish brown beetles with antennae roughly half the length of their bodies.
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Prostrate Knotweed
Weeds
Prostrate knotweed is a supreme indicator weed. Knotweed is the earliest germinating of all the summer annual weeds. Due to its early germination timing, knotweed is able to claim resources and invade damaged areas before other desirable grasses begin to grow.
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Prostrate Pigweed
Weeds
Prostrate pigweed is a native mat-forming summer annual weed that invades thin, damaged or under-fertilized lawns. It is common in areas with disturbed soils or neglected areas. Prostrate pigweed lacks the hairs common to redroot pigweed and has smooth leaves.
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Prostrate Spurge
Weeds
Prostrate spurge is a late-germinating, low growing, mat-producing summer annual. Spurge is very often found in un-irrigated bark mulch common to parking lot tree islands, crevices and boulevards.
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Prunus necrotic ringspot
Disease
Individual branches or the entire tree shows delayed budbreak or foliation, stunted wavy leaves, and shortened blossom pedicels in spring. Leaves develop chlorotic spots, lines, or rings as they emerge.
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Prunus stem pitting
Disease
Affected trees appear weak and show a general decline. Leaves may have upward cupping, turning prematurely yellow or reddish purple, droop, and then prematurely drop. The bark is abnormally thick and spongy and the wood underneath has a severely pitted, indented texture. Symptoms are most severe in the wood just above and below the soil line.
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Purple Deadnettle
Weeds
Purple deadnettle is a common weed invader of vacant agricultural fields, landscape borders, derelict lawns, and compost piles.
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Pythium Blight
Disease
Pythium first appears as circular reddish brown spots in the turf, ranging in diameter from 1 to 6 in. In the morning dew, infected leaf blades appear water soaked and dark and may feel slimy.
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Quackgrass
Weeds
Quackgrass is a common grassy weed of turfed areas. Quackgrass is a perennial and can often be spotted by its dull blue-green appearance. Because quackgrass spreads by rhizomes (underground stems) it responds very well to cultivation practices. It is common to have quackgrass contamination in unscreened topsoil. Each rhizome section has the ability to produce a new plant.
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Quince rust
Disease
Attacks only the fruit of apple and pear. Symptoms begin as a purplish lesion, usually appearing on the calyx end of the fruit. As the disease progresses, the entire calyx end becomes blistered and deformed. Tube-like structures eventually form and produce powdery, bright orange spores.
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Red Sorrel
Weeds
Red sorrel is a perennial weed of low-maintenance sites characterized by dry, infertile and often low pH soils. Red sorrel will survive at neutral pH but is usually not as prevalent because the turf will be more competitive under these conditions.
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Red Thread
Disease
Red thread is a disease of slow growing turf. Red thread is easily recognized by the red to coral-pink fungal strands (stromata) produced on leaf blades and sheaths.
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Red velvet mites
Beneficial
Balaustium is a large, bright red mite with a tick-like shape and a dense velvet-like covering of dorsal setae.
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Redbanded leafroller
Insect
The adult's forewings are grayish brown with a subtle dark red and brown oblique band. The larva is pale green with a yellow or green head.
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Redhumped caterpillar
Insect
The adult is a grayish brown moth. The larva is yellow with a red head and is lined longitudinally with orangish, black, and white stripes.
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Redroot Pigweed
Weeds
Redroot pigweed is a summer annual broadleaf weed that is typically associated with new establishments and other areas of disturbed soil (compost piles, gardens).
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Replant disorders
Disease
In general, trees suffering from replant disease show slow and uneven growth within the first three years of planting. Both specific and non-specific replant disorders are known.
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Rhizopus rot
Disease
Although the rot is predominantly a postharvest problem, symptoms may also develop in the field. Rotted fruit appears similar to brown rot, but Rhizopus-affected fruit appears slightly darker, the skin may slip away from decaying flesh underneath, or the fruit may be very leaky.
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Ripe rot
Disease
Initially, berries show circular, reddish brown spots, which enlarge to cover the whole fruit. Salmon-pink fungal spore masses develop in a circular pattern on the fruit surface. The berries shrivel and darken as they decay and then fall to the ground. Berries are susceptible to infection at all stages of development but do not show symptoms until the berries are ripe. Disease development is favored by wet weather and temperatures of 77 to 86ºF (25 to 30ºC). The fungus overwinters in mummified fruit and infected pedicels, from which spores are dispersed in spring and early summer. Spores produced on rotting berries can infect neighboring berries.
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Root-lesion nematode
Disease
Root-lesion nematodes are microscopic, migratory endoparasites that feed on the root systems of many crops. Affected trees appear stunted, may exhibit chlorosis or yellowing of the leaves, and have poor yields; young trees may be killed.
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Rose chafer
Insect
The rose chafer is a light tan beetle with a darker brown head and long legs. It is about 12 mm long. There is one generation per year.
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Rosy apple aphid
Insect
Populations arise from the overwintered stem mothers, which are wingless and purplish in color, and form into colonies of rosy-purple nymphs with dark cornicles.
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Rough Bluegrass
Weeds
Rough bluegrass is often used to overseed dormant warm-season turfgrasses. Overseeding typically occurs in the fall to provide a playing surface throughout the winter months.
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Roundheaded appletree borer
Insect
Adult has a hard, elongated body, with white and brown longitudinal stripes and long antennae. The larva is a fleshy, cream-colored legless grub with a dark brown head, blackish mandibles.
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Rupestris stem pitting
Disease
Rupestris stem pitting virus causes a slow decline of vinifera cultivars and interspecific hybrids. The main symptoms are delayed bud break, poor spring growth, stunting of infected plants and a decline in yield. No leaf discoloration is observed. When the bark is peeled off the trunk, the wood may reveal the presence of small pits. This virus mainly spreads via planting material.
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Rust
Disease
Rust diseases are characterized by yellow to dark brown urediospore infestations that, from a distance, make turf stands appear orange or yellow.
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Rusty spot
Disease
Lesions begin as small, circular, tan to orange blemishes approximately 3–5 mm in diameter. The discoloration is due to discoloring of the fuzz on the fruit.
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San Jose scale
Insect
Adult males are minute, winged insects about 1 mm long and golden brown with a reddish tinge. Scales may be either disk-shaped or oval, and are composed of concentric rings of gray-brown wax radiating from a tiny white knob.
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Septoria leaf spot
Disease
Septoria leaf spot, also called méelanose, mainly affects American Vitis and muscadine grapes. Angular, reddish brown to black spots 1 to 2 mm in diameter appear after midseason. Nearing veraison, lesions become larger with diffuse margins. Fruiting bodies may be seen with a hand lens. The area surrounding the spots may be yellow. The fungus overwinters in infected leaf debris.
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Shepherd's Purse
Weeds
Shepherd's purse is a winter annual with a basal rosette of lobed leaves and a long flowering stalk. Leaves become more deeply lobed as they mature. Due to extremely long-lived seeds and an affinity for disturbed soil, it is most often a weed of new seedings established between mid-August and the end of September.
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Shothole borer
Insect
The adult is stocky with a hard black body and antennae, leg segments and tips of elytra reddish brown; its head is not visible from above.
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Silver leaf
Disease
Silvering of the foliage is the characteristic symptom. At first, silvering may be associated with only one or two major branches, but eventually the entire tree becomes silvery in appearance. When infection is severe the leaves may curl upward.
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Silvery Thread Moss
Weeds
Silvery thread moss is the most common species found in turfgrass, usually appearing on putting greens and in shaded back yards.
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Skeletonizers
Insect
The adults of the skeletonizers are brown and short, with transverse bands on each forewing. The larvae are yellow to pale green with numerous hairy discs on each segment of the body.
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Slime Mold
Disease
Slime molds are non-pathogenic fungi that occasionally dwell on many different turfgrass species.
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Smooth Crabgrass
Weeds
Smooth crabgrass is the most common summer annual grass problem in managed turf.
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Smut
Disease
The smut diseases are important on many Kentucky bluegrass cultivars and higher cut turfgrass.
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Snowy tree cricket
Insect
Adult somewhat resembles a field cricket, but is pale green in color and has a longer, more slender body and smaller head. Antennae are much longer than the body; males have stiff veins in their flat wings.
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Sod Webworm
Insect
The adults are 3/4 inch long silvery or cream colored moths that fold their wings length-wise over their abdomen into a tube shape when at rest. Webworm moths also have soft mouthparts that project forward on the head (hence, they are called snout moths). The adults can be seen flying over lawns at various times during the summer, but this does not indicate a problem unless very high numbers are observed.
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Sooty blotch
Disease
Sooty blotch and flyspeck are found together on the same fruit and affect only the epidermal layer of the fruit. Sooty blotch appears as various shades of olive-green on the surface of the fruit.
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Sour bunch rot
Disease
Sour rot is a wet rot that spreads rapidly throughout clusters and smells like vinegar. It is caused by acetic acid bacteria and various undesirable yeasts and fungi. Unlike Botrytis bunch rot, it usually lacks fungal sporulation. Low-grade powdery mildew infections and grape berry moth infestations can predispose clusters to infection. Fruit flies are common and help spread the disease. Tight-clustered cultivars are more susceptible than others. Prolonged periods of wetness or high relative humidity are conducive to sour rot development.
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Sour cherry yellows
Disease
Young leaves develop chlorotic yellow rings or mottle; shot hole may occur in severe cases or as lesions age. These symptoms rarely recur after the first year of infection.
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Southern blight
Disease
Trees attacked by the fungus show a general decline. In the early phase of disease, a dense mat or web of white mycelium is evident at the base of the tree.
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Sparganothis fruitworm
Insect
Adult is a vivid yellow moth with grayish magenta V-shaped marks on the forewings and reddish orange lace-like markings. Larvae are pale green with yellowish-green head.
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Green fruitworm
Insect
Immature larvae of the green fruitworm (GFW) feed on flower buds and new foliage.
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Speckled green fruitworm
Insect
The adult is grayish beige with two purplish gray spots on its wings and a hairy thorax. The eggs are laid on the upper surface of the leaves.
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Spider mite destroyer
Beneficial
Adults are oval, convex, uniformly shiny black, and covered with sparse, fine yellowish to white.
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Spiders: Foliage Hunters
Beneficial
The body of a spider is divided into two regions, the cephalothorax and abdomen. The cephalothorax bears the eyes (various numbers and arrangements), mouthparts, pedipalps and legs (four pairs), and the unsegmented abdomen bears the genital structures, spiracles, anus and spinnerets (silk-spinning structures).
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Spiders: Foliage web-builders
Beneficial
The body of a spider is divided into two regions, the cephalothorax and abdomen. The cephalothorax bears the eyes (various numbers and arrangements), mouthparts, pedipalps and legs (four pairs), and the unsegmented abdomen bears the genital structures, spiracles, anus and spinnerets (silk-spinning structures).
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Spirea aphid
Insect
The eggs are oval and shiny black. The adults and nymphs are olive-green with brown-black legs, antennae, and cornicles. They live in colonies.
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Spotted tentiform leafminer
Insect
The adult is a tiny beige moth with heavily fringed wings striped with golden brown and white bands. Eggs are laid individually on the undersurface of the leaves.
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Spotted wing Drosophila
Insect
Spotted wing Drosophila can be distinguished from other vinegar flies by spots on the wings of male flies, and by the ovipositor on female flies.
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Spring cankerworm
Insect
The adult male is gray and has winding lines on its forewings the female has stumpy gray wings. The larva is pale green to dark brown with two yellow longitudinal bands on the sides. It moves in a looping inchworm fashion.
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Stigmaeid/"Yellow" mites
Beneficial, Insect
Agistemus fleschneri is the principal species found in QC and northern ON orchards, while Zetzellia mali predominates in the US, southern ON and the maritime provinces.
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Stink bugs
Beneficial
The adult has an oval shield-shaped body, grayish or brownish in color; a spur is present on each side of its thorax. Eggs, grouped in masses of 20 to 30, are in the shape of small barrels. They are gray, cream or gold-colored, decorated by a ring of small hairs.
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Summer Patch
Disease
Summer patch first appears in the warm weather of summer as yellow to bronze-colored, irregular-shaped patches ranging from 6 in. to 3 ft (15.3 cm to 1 m) in diameter.
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Tachinid flies
Beneficial
The adults are similar to a housefly but are covered with stiff hairs. The larvae have the appearance of small maggots and feed inside caterpillars and other hosts.
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Take-All Patch
Disease
Take all patch is an important disease on bentgrass, particularly newly established stands of creeping bentgrass turf. The disease first appears in late spring or early summer, as a patch of bronze or bleached turf.
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Tall Fescue
Weeds
Tall fescue is a clumping perennial cool-season turfgrass. Its coarse texture and aggressive growth habit make it objectionable in many situations because it does not mix well with other turfs.
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Tar spot
Disease
Tar spot is a minor disease that occurs mostly on wild grapevines. This fungal disease is characterized by black, slightly raised spots about 1/12 to 1/6 inch (2 to 4 mm) in diameter. A spot may be surrounded by a circular brown halo up to 2/5 inch (1 cm) in diameter. The fungus overwinters in these spots. In the spring, they release airborne spores, which infect the new leaves.
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Tarnished plant bug
Insect
The adult is brown and the extremities of its wings are translucent with a cream-colored scutellum on its back. The nymph is pale green; from the 3rd nymphal stage, it has five black points on the back.
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Thrips
Insect
Feeding by thrips, particulary Frankliniella occidentalis, can cause scarring on fruit. During bloom, thrips feed on pollen and small berries.
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Tomato/Tobacco ringspot decline
Disease
These diseases occur sporadically in vinifera grapes and interspecific hybrids. Labrusca grapes are resistant. In the first year of infection, a few leaves may show mottling. The second year, new growth is generally sparse because infected buds are prone to winterkill. Infected vines show shortened internodes with small, distorted leaves and sparse fruit clusters with uneven ripening. The third year, growth is very stunted and limited to basal suckers, and the vine eventually dies. Dead and dying vines are usually present in a roughly circular pattern in the vineyard. The viruses are introduced into vineyards with infected planting stock or by dispersal of seed from infected weeds. The virus is then spread by dagger nematodes feeding on roots of infected plants. The nematodes can retain the virus for long periods. Both viruses infect common weeds such as dandelion, sheep sorrel, common chickweed and red clover. Tomato ringspot virus also infects many fruit crops. These viruses may already be present in land used to establish new vineyards. The viruses are introduced into vineyards with infected planting stock or by dispersal of seed from infected weeds. The virus is then spread by dagger nematodes feeding on roots of infected plants. The nematodes can retain the virus for long periods. Both viruses infect common weeds such as dandelion, sheep sorrel, common chickweed and red clover. Tomato ringspot virus also infects many fruit crops. These viruses may already be present in land used to establish new vineyards.
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Tufted apple bud moth
Insect
Adult is an inconspicuous moth, varying from mottled gray at the wing base to brown at the wing tip, with a lighter colored margin along the wing's leading edge. Two or three groups of tufted scales can be seen on the top of the wings.