• Urban vs. Rural Tree Characteristics

  • Phytoremediation

  • Canopy Structure, Throughfall, and Interception

  • Vertical Crown Dimension Measurement Technique: To find the height of a tree, the angles of depression and elevation along with the viewer's distance to the tree can be used.

  • Vertical Crown Dimension Calculation Method: The crown length of a tree is equal to the height from the bottom of the trunk to the crown base minus the total height.

  • Leaning Tree Height Measurement Method: The height of a leaning tree can be found by multiplying the viewer's distance to the tree by the tangent of the angle between the line of sight and the top of the tree.