Rural Off-Farm Incomes in Myanmar’s Dry Zone
DOWNLOADDecember 3, 2017 - Aye Myint Zu, Htet Htet Khine, Khin Zin Win, Sithu Kyaw
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EmailAye Myint Zu, Htet Htet Khine, Khin Zin Win, Sithu Kyaw. 2017. Rural Off-Farm Incomes in Myanmar’s Dry Zone, Food Security Policy Myanmar Project Research Highlight 10. East Lansing: Michigan State University
CONCLUSIONS
Our study offers the following important findings relating to off-farm incomes in the Dry Zone:
1. Off-farm activities are a major source of income. Only 31% of Dry Zone income is generated directly from farming; off-farm self-employment is equally as important. Non-farm enterprises account for 20% of income, and remittances 15%.
2. Agriculture is central to rural employment. Fifty eight percent of working-age individuals consider farming or agricultural labor to be their primary occupation, and agricultural labor is by far the most important secondary occupation.
3. Women and men work off-farm in similar numbers, but men earn higher wages. The gender wage gap is most pronounced in casual employment. There is less gender disparity in wages for non-farm work than for on-farm work. 58% of non-farm enterprises are run by women
4. Non-farm enterprises are growing rapidly. Since 2011, the numbers of retail stores more than doubled, agricultural trading and processing trebled, and rental services providers more than quadrupled. Non-farm income is the most important source of startup capital for these businesses.
5. Most of businesses are self-operated micro-enterprises. The vast majority hire no labor. The rural non-farm economy is not yet a major provider of jobs, other than to business proprietors themselves.