Electric lighting is used in greenhouses to regulate the photoperiod to control flowering, or to increase growth to increase crop quality and yield. It is also used for sole-source lighting of plants grown indoors. A few books and summary articles are below, followed by more in-depth articles on specific topics.
- Light Management in Controlled Environments, a book edited by Roberto Lopez and Erik Runkle, contains 18 chapters written by 20 leading plant scientists about how light influences plant growth and development of specialty crops grown in greenhouses and controlled-environment growth rooms.
- LED Lighting for Urban Agriculture, a book edited by Toyoki Kozai, Kazuhiro Fujiwara, and Erik Runkle that focuses on light-emitting diode (LED) lighting for the commercial production of horticultural crops in plant factories and greenhouses. It contains 32 chapters written by plant scientists and engineers in Asia and the U.S.
- Use of Lighting to Accelerate Crop Timing by Erik Runkle and Matthew Blanchard, Michigan State University.
- Greenhouse Glazing by A.J. Both, Rutgers University.
Resources
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How green light affects floriculture crops
Published on February 13, 2019
Is green light really a safe light for floriculture crops? Researchers at Michigan State University find out the impact it has on crops that flower in response to the day length. -
Lighting young plants indoors
Published on February 4, 2019
Part 1 of a 5-part series is an introduction to producing young plants indoors under fully controlled environments. -
Leafy greens: Green & far red LED lighting
Published on February 1, 2019
Indoor production of leafy greens, Part 1 of 4: Substituting green or far-red light for blue light can increase lettuce and kale yields. -
DLC requirements for LED fixtures
Published on December 5, 2018
This article highlights the DesignLights Consortium's (DLC's) requirements for testing and reporting horticultural lighting fixtures that contain light-emitting diodes (LEDs). -
Growing ornamental seedlings under white LEDs
Published on November 15, 2018
Michigan State University researchers discuss the impacts of using white light on plant growth and human vision, as well as energy considerations when growing ornamental seedlings indoors. -
White LEDs for plant applications
Published on November 12, 2018
Many horticultural lighting fixtures combine blue and red LEDs. However, there are merits to using fixtures that partly or completely contain white LEDs. -
New, high-resolution, interactive DLI maps
Published on October 10, 2018
New maps of the photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) in the United States have been developed and are now available online. -
Purple vs. pink vs. white LED fixtures
Published on September 10, 2018
LED fixtures that emit a purplish light are usually less preferred by people, but are often the most efficient at converting electricity into light useful to plants. -
An update on LED lighting efficacy
Published on July 5, 2018
In plant lighting, the photosynthetic photon efficacy of a fixture quantifies how effectively a fixture converts electricity into light useful for photosynthesis. This article provides an update the efficacy values of LEDs as of 2018. -
Horticultural lighting applications
Published on June 11, 2018
This article summarizes the different lighting applications and characteristics used in horticulture, including in greenhouses and indoors. -
UV radiation and applications in horticulture
Published on May 1, 2018
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is outside of the photosynthetically active waveband, but it is biologically active and regulates plant growth. -
Monitoring Carbon Dioxide in the Greenhouse
Published on March 3, 2018
In this article, you will learn how handheld, stationary, and computer-controlled sensors can be used to monitor carbon dioxide (CO2) and control enrichment in controlled environments. -
How to Measure Greenhouse Light
Published on February 3, 2018
Are you providing too much light and wasting electricity by operating your supplemental lighting when it is not required? The only way to answer this and many other light questions is to learn how to select and effectively use quantum sensors. -
Maximize the benefits of supplemental lighting
Published on January 8, 2018
Purchasing, installing, and operating supplemental greenhouse lighting is fairly expensive. Here are some tips and considerations to maximize your supplemental lighting system. -
Moving Indoors
Published on December 8, 2017
How does light quality, light quantity and carbon dioxide influence young ornamental plant production in greenhouses and indoor controlled environments? -
Does light quantity trump light quality?
Published on December 5, 2017
Some of our recent research confirms that light quality (such as the ratio or red to far red) has a greater effect on plant growth when light intensity is low than when it is high. -
Factors that influence leaf coloration
Published on November 15, 2017
Growers usually focus on quality attributes that relate to flowering, but this article reviews cultural and environmental factors that influence foliage color. -
Developing new plant lighting standards
Published on October 23, 2017
Standards are developed so there is consistency and conformity in products to improve confidence and comparability in new technologies. -
Investment considerations for greenhouse lighting
Published on October 11, 2017
Many growers install and operate supplemental (photosynthetic) lighting to increase crop quality and yield. This article describes some of the factors to consider when investing in a supplemental lighting system for greenhouse crop production. -
Supplemental greenhouse lighting: LED or HPS?
Published on September 20, 2017
Researchers at Michigan State University see if the results from producing high-quality seedlings with LEDs justify the higher capital outlay for installation. -
Sole-source lighting of plants
Published on September 13, 2017
Sole-source lighting is a term used to describe the deliver of light to plants that do not also receive light from the sun. In other words, electric lighting is delivered indoors and provides the sole source of light for plant growth and development. -
Producing High Quality Plugs Part I
Published on September 4, 2017
In this article, we will discuss how continuous 16-hour or instantaneous threshold supplemental lighting from HPS lamps and LEDs and photoperiodic lighting influence plug quality and subsequent flowering. -
Lighting plans: Their generation and importance
Published on August 17, 2017
Light intensity and uniformity are critical to successful production of plants. This article describes how lighting plans are developed, and why they are so important when comparing lighting technologies. -
Producing High Quality Plugs Part 2
Published on August 5, 2017
In this article, we will discuss how continuous 16-hour or instantaneous threshold supplemental lighting from HPS lamps and LEDs and photoperiodic lighting influence plug quality and subsequent flowering. -
Plant lighting efficiency and efficacy
Published on July 10, 2017
Plant lighting continues to be a hot topic, especially as light-emitting diode (LED) technology continues to advance. Learn more about how electric lamps convert electricity into photons of light useful to plants.