Electric lighting is used in greenhouses to regulate the photoperiod to control flowering, or to increase growth to increase crop quality and yield. It is also used for sole-source lighting of plants grown indoors. A few books and summary articles are below, followed by more in-depth articles on specific topics.
- Light Management in Controlled Environments, a book edited by Roberto Lopez and Erik Runkle, contains 18 chapters written by 20 leading plant scientists about how light influences plant growth and development of specialty crops grown in greenhouses and controlled-environment growth rooms.
- LED Lighting for Urban Agriculture, a book edited by Toyoki Kozai, Kazuhiro Fujiwara, and Erik Runkle that focuses on light-emitting diode (LED) lighting for the commercial production of horticultural crops in plant factories and greenhouses. It contains 32 chapters written by plant scientists and engineers in Asia and the U.S.
- Use of Lighting to Accelerate Crop Timing by Erik Runkle and Matthew Blanchard, Michigan State University.
- Greenhouse Glazing by A.J. Both, Rutgers University.
Resources
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LEDs vs. HPS lamps: A reality check
Published on June 23, 2014
With all of the promise and potential of LEDs, some myths and misconceptions are being perpetuated - hence the need for a reality check. -
Control flowering with LEDs
Published on March 24, 2014
Is it worth paying extra for LEDs? Researchers at Michigan State University found that the long-term benefits may outweigh the up-front costs. -
Growing seedlings under LEDs, part 2
Published on February 23, 2014
In the second part of a two-part series, Michigan State University researchers share their findings in germinating seedlings indoors under LED lights. -
Growing seedlings under LEDs, part 1
Published on January 23, 2014
In the first part of a two-part series, Michigan State University researchers share their findings in germinating seedlings indoors under LED lights. -
DLICALC Online Tool: Helps Growers Calculate Daily Light Integral
Published on October 24, 2013
Researchers have developed a new tool to help growers calculate supplemental daily light integrals and determine how much supplemental light is required to improve growth. -
Comparing LED Lighting To High-Pressure Sodium Lamps
Published on October 24, 2013
Research at Purdue University is determining how LEDs, providing light of different wavelengths, compare to traditional high-pressure sodium lamps. Part one of a two-part series. -
Comparing LED Lighting To HPS Lamps For Plug Production
Published on October 24, 2013
In the second of a two-part series, research at Purdue University is determining how LEDs, providing light of different wavelengths, compare to traditional high-pressure sodium lamps. -
Understanding The Differences Between Photoperiodic And Supplemental Lighting
Published on October 24, 2013
Let’s clear the confusion over different types of greenhouse lighting. -
Turning on/off supplemental lighting
Published on October 23, 2013
The costs to operate high-intensity lighting in greenhouses are quite high, so operation of lights should be managed as efficiently as possible. -
Problems with footcandles, lux and lumens
Published on September 23, 2013
The horticultural industry should discontinue use of photometric units such as lumens, lux and foot-candles. These units are based on people’s perception of light and are a highly misleading indicator of plant growth and flowering applications. -
Managing photoperiod in the greenhouse
Published on March 24, 2013
This six-page bulletin provides information on how to control the day length in commercial greenhouse production of floriculture and nursery crops. -
Lighting plugs at different growth stages
Published on January 23, 2013
Plants that received supplemental lighting during the entire plug stage were of highest quality. The greatest benefits occurred when seedlings were lighted during the later stages. -
Maximizing photosynthesis to improve growth
Published on December 23, 2012
Plant growth is suppressed when light, CO2, and/or water are not sufficiently available inside greenhouses. -
Producing High-Quality Rooted Cuttings.
Published on October 24, 2012
Researchers study the impact of light during propagation on growth and quality of vegetatively propagated annual bedding plants. -
Reduce Flowering Time.
Published on September 24, 2012
Use these guidelines to give plants the right amount of light during propagation and finishing, and reap the benefits of early, high-quality crops. -
Which light sensor should I use?
Published on September 23, 2012
This article focuses on the different units of instantaneous light intensity and how each is measured. -
Replacing incandescent lamps
Published on August 23, 2012
Incandescent lamps can at least partly be replaced by compact fluorescent bulbs and/or LEDs without losing the ability to control flowering of ornamentals grown in greenhouses. -
Lighting the way with LEDs
Published on July 10, 2012
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are one of the trendiest technologies in the greenhouse industry. There are particularly interesting opportunities with LEDs in the production of young plants and highwire vegetable crops. -
Lighting greenhouse vegetables
Published on December 7, 2011
The primary way to increase fruit yield (fruit number and/or size) is to increase the amount of photosynthetic light provided to plants. -
The red to far red ratio
Published on May 23, 2011
Plants absorb and use most of the red light available to them for photosynthesis, but reflect or transmit most of the far-red light. -
Saturating DLIs for flowering
Published on February 15, 2011
An in-depth look at daily light integral (DLI) and how bedding plants can be classified into different light response groups. -
Daily light integral & flowering of annuals
Published on November 23, 2010
The daily light integral can influence crop timing and quality characteristics including branching, flower number, and flower size. This article presents research-based information on how light quantity influences production of annual bedding plants. -
The future of greenhouse lighting
Published on September 24, 2010
This article, written in 2010, gazes into the crystal ball about how light-emitting diodes (LEDs) will become the primary lighting source for plant applications. -
Getting the most out of light measurements
Published on September 24, 2010
Managing and manipulating greenhouse light levels puts your operation at an advantage. Let’s get your operation started -
Rapid flowering of pansy
Published on March 22, 2010
Pansy has a unique photoperiodic flowering response. What can be done when varieties don’t flower uniformly or on time?